托福阅读学习的过程中，句子简化题几乎是每篇阅读必考的题型，但却是很多学生的痛点。能力不好的学生无从下手，程度很不错的学生也时常纠结，甚至不少25+的学生常在这一题型上栽跟头。
今天给大家简要介绍一下句子简化题的解题思路，希望给大家找到句子简化题的破题点。
1.句子的构成
事实上，句子的构成很简单，大家记住下面这个公式就可以了：
句子= 主干 + 修饰
(逻辑关系)
①
主干是主谓或者主谓宾结构，是一个句子成立必不可少的成分。
②
修饰是对主谓宾或整个句子进行修饰的部分。
③
逻辑是句子内部之间的信息关系，比如因果、转折、并列等。
由于句子简化题考察的是长难句，所以大多数时候都包含这3大要素。
2.题干剖析
所谓知己知彼，百战百胜。因而要攻克句子简化题，我们就必须要从句子简化题题干入手：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
句子简化题的题干很友好，一共给了3点提示：一点个正确选项特征和两点错误选项特征，如画红线部分所示:
具体如下
正确选项特征：最恰当地表达了核心信息( the essential information)
错误选项特征：改变原句意思(change the meaning)
错误选项特征：遗漏核心信息( the essential information)
温馨提示接下来我们会围绕进一步挖掘题干，找到破了句子简化题的大招。
3. 错误选项：遗漏主干
题干首先明确表示正确选项最恰当地表达了 the essential information(核心信息)。句子的核心信息是由主干表达出来的，所以正确选项首先必须得有主干。而缺失主干就会出犯题干中提及的错误选项中的遗漏核心信息( the essential information)这一点。
我们来看个例子Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. (TPO 1)
A. When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist
the destructive forces of nature.
B. Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
C. Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
D. Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
我们先把这句话的三要素找出来，其中主干是加下划线的红色字体，but是逻辑关系词，其余部分是修饰;
例子：Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. (TPO 1)
那我们来看所给选项C：
Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
该选项缺失了主干Hills and mountainsare often regarded as the epitome of permanence， 相反，采用原句的修饰成分，即successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature，来冒充主干。
那么我们再来看一下选项D. Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms. 该选项的主干也被置换成了修饰successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, 所以也是错误的。
小结：
错误选项的特征之一是缺失了原句主干。
所以最常见的错误选项之一就是主干缺失。但是错误选项作为句子本身，也必须得有主干。为了迷惑大家，出题者会用原句中的修饰冒充主干。在这里就要求大家清楚区分原句中主干和修饰。
4. 错误选项：改变原句意思
那我们再看一下另一个错误选项的特征，即改变原句意思(change the meaning)。 由于句子是由三要素(主干+逻辑+修饰)构成，所以改变原文意思(change the meaning)就涉及三个层面，即改变主干、逻辑和修饰。
由于逻辑关系往往由关系词表示，比较好识别，我们先看改变逻辑关系这一错误选项特征。
4. 1错误选项：改变逻辑
还是以这句话为例Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. (TPO 1)
A. When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist
the destructive forces of nature.
B. Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
C. Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
D. Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
这句话的逻辑关系由关系词“but” 表示，表对比之意。所以只要选项之中将对比逻辑关系词进行置换就都是错误的。
很快的可以看出B、C选项逻辑关系词的Although 和but 有对比之意，有可能是正确选项，D选项中有一个暗含的逻辑关系better than, 是一种隐性的对比，所以也可能正确。而A选项中只有表示时间的When，改变了原句的转折逻辑，所以错误。再根据前文我们的分析，发现C、D都主干缺失，错误。所以，正确选项为B。
小结：句间逻辑通常由连词担当，是表示复杂句子的信息关系，最常见的逻辑关系是因果、对比和并列等。所以大家可以通过逻辑连词快速排出错误选项，提高正确率。
4.2 错误选项：改变主干
再来一个例子The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.
A Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.
B The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
C Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.
D By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
首先，我们还是找出原句的三要素，如下。
其中主干是加下划线的红色字体，but是逻辑关系词，其余部分是修饰
The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.
我们看A选项的主干如下加下划线的红色字体
Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.
和原句相比，逻辑关系对上了，Ambulocetus swam对应上了，但是it did not have a backbone改变了否定，因为原句中是有backbone的，没有的事fluke。事实上，出题者是故意混淆backbone和fluke，看大家能否区分概念。
小结：主干在选项中出现了，但是却在一定程度上做了改变。这样的选项也是错误的。
4. 3 错误选项：改变修饰
还是以这句为例：
The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.
我们来看B选项：
The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
该句中一个明显的修饰是定语从句 which allowed it to swim，而原句中是没有这个修饰关系的，所以该选项改动了修饰，是错误选项。
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